Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are easily expanded. They can be acquired from medical waste such as adipose and umbilical cord tissues, are influenced by culturing conditions, and are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, and angiogenic. We analyzed the multi-directional effects of MSCs cultured in hypoxic conditions and their underlying mechanisms in the treatment of liver cirrhosis model mice. Since they have multiple functions, readily expand, and are minimally antigenic, both autologous and allogeneic MSCs have been used in >900 clinical trials to treat various diseases. Several basic studies have been conducted using MSCs to treat various liver disease models such as cirrhosis, NASH, and acute injury. To date, ~50 trials used autologous and allogeneic MSCs to target acute and chronic liver diseases.